Textron Aviation adds Gogo Galileo HDX on Cessna Citation Longitude, Latitude and Ascend

This week Textron Aviation confirmed its selection of Gogo Business Aviation's global Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) solution, Gogo Galileo HDX, for factory installation on the Cessna Citation Longitude, Latitude and Ascend. This makes Textron Aviation the first business aviation Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) to offer Gogo Galileo HDX as an option on new customer aircraft.

By integrating Gogo Galileo HDX, Textron Aviation ensures customers benefit from a global connectivity solution that delivers exceptional performance. The system is built on Gogo’s proven AVANCE platform and features a fuselage-mounted HDX antenna, designed specifically for business jets. This configuration makes Gogo Galileo more affordable and easier to install and operate than other satellite systems currently available.

“At Textron Aviation, we are committed to enhancing the flight experience for our customers,” said Lannie O’Bannion, senior vice president, Global Sales & Flight Operations for Textron Aviation. “By offering Gogo Galileo HDX, we ensure that passengers on these Citation business jets enjoy a seamless and superior inflight Wi-Fi experience, no matter where their journey takes them.”

Gogo Galileo HDX is expected to be available on the Citation Longitude beginning early 2026. Timing on the other aircraft will be

 

Financial results for third quarter released by budget airline PLAY

The Icelandic budget carrier PLAY airlines has released its latest results from the third quarter of 2024 which shows around 521,000 people travelled with them in the quarter, down 19% from the same period last year.

PLAY achieved a load factor of 89%, virtually unchanged from the 88% for the same period last year and the carrier also saw operational revenues drop $10 million to $100.5 million. Rather surprisingly, the firm turned in a $3.5 million profit which wasn't expected by some in the industry, given the company's recent announcements of a dramatic change in business model. The company said it will axe most of its North American routes to concentrate on flights to Southern Europe, with new routes already announced including Aalborg in Denmark, Faro in Portugal, Pula in Croatia and Valencia in Spain.

The airline was the most punctual airline operating flights from Keflavik International Airport. although it only operated ten planes during the quarter to around 32 destinations around Europe and North America. 

Lease payments on PLAY’s aircraft are now set up in such a way that they are higher during the summer months and lower during winter, the effect of which will have a deeper impact on the winter 25/25 season. The savings the company announced will be $ 4.3 million when compared to last winter's bills. 

PLAY believes its financial position remains secure and stronger than at the same time last year. However, PLAY will consider getting additional capital this coming winter or spring in connection with a modified business model and the purchase of its new AOC in Malta, which might aid in offering more of its aircraft up for wet lease deals. The airline says it is already in discussions with multiple associates around the world who are interested in the aircraft and will mostly be operated outside of Iceland, under the new AOC. The second AOC is necessary as these projects require locally based crews for cost-saving purposes, to make them profitable.

The airline's CEO, Einar Örn Ólafsson commented: "We will offer some of our capacity elsewhere in the world, through our Maltese AOC, expected to be granted in the spring.

Despite these changes, PLAY continues to be an Icelandic company with headquarters and its core operations in Iceland and we pride ourselves in being home to an extraordinary team of aviation professionals. We are confident that these changes will be a financial success, and I look forward to giving our investors and our diligent employees better yields and our loyal passengers an even sunnier disposition."

Tickets to outerspace go on sale from Chinese Aerospace firm.

Deep Blue Aerospace has put tickets on sale for a trip into outer space to occur sometime in 2027.

The Chinese Jiangsu Deep Blue Aerospace Technology Company indicates that whilst there may only be two tickets on offer for its suborbital flight at the moment,  more will be released to the market in November. The price per person at the moment is about £162,400, or CNY1.5 million for a flight that is expected to last just 12 minutes. 

The company says it will use reclaimable and reusable Nebula-1 rockets to achieve the flights on a cost-effective basis, with tests scheduled to take place early next year. Deep Blue will use a six-window crew module that is expected to have a width of 3.5 metres and have a height of a fraction over 4 metres. The company says it will be able to carry six passengers and is expected to have a lifespan of up to 50 flights.

In a statement, the company said: "After the Nebula-1 rocket will undergo multiple recovery and reuse tests in 2025, the Deep Blue Aerospace crew spacecraft-rocket combination will also undergo dozens of tests in 2026 to ensure the safety and reliability of suborbital manned travel, and officially start suborbital travel commercialization in 2027."

 

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In July 2021, Deep Blue Aerospace successfully completed the 10-meter liquid oxygen & kerosene rocket. On October 13, 2021, Deep Blue Aerospace successfully completed the 100-meter liquid oxygen & kerosene rocket. On May 7, 2022, Deep Blue Aerospace successfully completed the 1000-meter liquid oxne rocket. On September 29,2022, Deep Blue Aerospace completed China's first commercial aerospace enterprise finished liquid oxygen & kerosene engine reignition. On October 8, the same engine carried out the second start-up test again without stepping down. The first start-up engine worked for 20 seconds, and the second start-up engine worked for 20 seconds, which was a complete success again.

In June 2023, the reusable engine "LT-R1" independently developed by Deep Blue Aerospace was successfully tested on the vertical test bench newly put into use by Deep Blue Aerospace. On June 29, the whole system of "LT-R1' was tested again and entered the normal test stage. In July, Deep Blue Aerospace completed the first fairing separation test in China using a non-pyrotechnic connection unlocking mechanism. In August, Deep Blue Aerospace's "LT-R1" engine was successfully tested for 120 seconds on the first vertical test bed. On August 15, "LT-R1" was successfully tested for the first three times in China. On August 23, Deep Blue Aerospace completed three start-up tests of the first domestic liquid oxygen & kerosene engine in full fight sequence. On October 18, the 420-second long-range test run of the Deep Blue Aerospace liquid oxygen & kerosene Engin"LT-R1" was successful. On November 20, the 40% -100% online variable thrust test of the Deep Blue Aerospace Liquid Oxygen Kerosene Engine "Thunderbolt R1" was successful. In December, the landing leg deployment test of the Deep Blue Space "Nebula-1" liquid recoverable launch vehicle was successful.

From December 2023 to January 2024, the complete swing test of the Thunder-R1 engine of Deep Blue Aerospace achieved complete success. In March 2024, the testing of the three-engine state power system of the first sub-stage of the Deep Blue Space "Nebula-1" rocket was successfully completed.

The next step for the company will be to carry out the vertical recovery flight verification of the first stage of the "Nebula-1" carrier rocket as planned. It will achieve the launch and recovery of the "Nebula-1" carrier rocket in late 2024 or early 2025. The commercialization of scale and ushering in a new era of liquid recyclable and reusable carrier rockets in China. Commercial aerospace has unlimited prospects and space. As a member of this sunrise industry, Deep Blue Aerospace will, according to its website, uphold a pragmatic, innovative, rigorous, and efficient style, and aspire to become a promoter of the space transportation industry.

Deep Blue is one of more than a dozen Chinese aerospace companies that have been founded in recent years to take advantage of a rapidly growing commercial space flight industry. 

Volaris reports financial results for the third quarter 2024

Volaris,  the ultra-low-cost carrier serving Mexico, the United States, and Central and South America, reports its unaudited financial results for the third quarter of 20241.

Third Quarter 2024 Highlights

Net income of $37 million. Earnings per American Depositary Shares (ADS) of $32 cents.

Total operating revenues of $813 million, a 4% decrease.

Total revenue per available seat mile (TRASM) increased 12% to $9.38 cents.

Available seat miles (ASMs) decreased by 14% to 8.7 billion.

Total operating expenses of $687 million, representing 85% of total operating revenue.

Total operating expenses per available seat mile (CASM) remained relatively flat at $7.92 cents.

Average economic fuel cost decreased 17% to $2.64 per gallon.

CASM ex fuel increased 10% to $5.39 cents.

EBITDAR of $315 million, a 52% increase.

EBITDAR margin was 38.7%, an increase of 14 percentage points.

Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments totaled $830 million, representing 26% of the last twelve months’ total operating revenue.

Net debt-to-LTM EBITDAR2 ratio decreased to 2.7x, compared to 2.9x in the previous quarter.

Enrique Beltranena, President & Chief Executive Officer, said: “Volaris’ third quarter results demonstrate the resilience of our business model and our focus on execution as we have successfully navigated one year of Pratt & Whitney’s engine inspections. Despite the challenges, we delivered our fourth consecutive quarter of net income and generated Total Operating Revenues of $3.2 billion U.S. dollars for the last twelve months, matching the full-year revenues of 2023. We strategically managed capacity while providing great ULCC service to our customers and reinforcing our position as the preferred airline in our core markets. Booking trends continue to show strength throughout the fall and the holiday high season, therefore we remain committed to achieving our updated full-year guidance.”

1 The financial information, unless otherwise indicated, is presented in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

2 Includes short-term investments.

(All figures are reported in U.S. dollars and compared to 3Q 2023 unless otherwise noted)

Intercontinental KLM flight for The Aviation Challenge to Singapore

Earlier this week a KLM flight departed from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport to Singapore as part of The Aviation Challenge. This challenge is initiated by SkyTeam and dares airlines to conduct their operations as efficiently and with as little environmental impact as possible. The results of these tests are shared among the participating airlines, with the aim of sharing knowledge and helping the airlines carry out their activities with a lower environmental impact.

KLM acknowledges its impact on the environment and climate and sees that there are limits to what our planet can handle. Action is needed to operate within these limits. By testing various innovations during flight operations and on board, KLM evaluates their outcomes with the goal of scaling them up and implementing them as standard practices.

Before the flight

Both during preparation and during the flight, KLM tested various initiatives. In terms of cargo transport, KLM hopes to eventually replace all cargo pallets with lightweight cardboard alternatives. This change saves 150kg of material per flight needed for cargo transport. KLM hopes to save nearly 0.05% CO2 (6 kilotons) annually through this measure (Scope 1 and 3). Additionally, as many electric ground processes as possible are used, and the aircraft is towed to the runway, saving 400 kg of fuel. This tests how it works to tow an aircraft further towards the runway in an operational environment so that the engines can start later.

Optimization of loading weight can also help reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. By distributing the weight on board as optimally as possible, a small lift under the nose is created, resulting in less air resistance and thus a more efficient flight.

Passengers in World Business Class are asked to pre-order their meals. This helps KLM to take exactly the amount of food needed for the flight on board, reducing food waste. Passengers are also encouraged to pack lightly.

KLM has also started advising passengers not to print their boarding passes. This has led to an 84% reduction in printed boarding passes since May 2024.

Alaska and Hawaiian celebrate Honolulu pride

Waikīkī came alive this past weekend with a harmony of vibrant music, color and aloha as thousands gathered to celebrate Honolulu Pride. Held annually in October, the weekend-long celebration is a festive mainstay for LGBTQIA+ / MVPFAFF communities across the Hawaiian Islands, promoting the spirit of equality for all people of Hawaiʻi. 

 

For years, Hawaiian Airlines and Alaska Airlines have sponsored the Honolulu Pride Parade and Festival separately. Each festival season, both carriers have gathered hundreds of their employees to spread aloha and inclusivity in the heart of Hawaiʻi’s most popular destination while supporting the local nonprofit that organizes Honolulu Pride: the Hawaiʻi LGBT Legacy Foundation.

However, the 2024 Honolulu Pride Parade and Festival set a new precedent, marking the first-ever large-scale community showing for Hawaiian Airlines and Alaska Airlines as a combined company.

 

“I feel really privileged that in our shared history, it’s going to go down that the first thing we ever did together was Honolulu Pride,” said Manakō Tanaka, community and cultural relations manager at Hawaiian Airlines and a Hawaiʻi LGBT Legacy Foundation board member. “Pride is about the love that we have for each other and advocating for safety for everybody in all spaces.”

 

When the two companies officially combined last month, employees from the Pride Crew, Alaska's LGBTQ+ business resource group, and Haʻaheo, Hawaiian’s employee resource group, sprung to action in planning a celebration that demonstrated lōkahi (unity) between the two brands.

 

NASA welcomes Republic of Cyprus as 46th Artemis Accords signatory

NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free welcomed the Republic of Cyprus as the latest nation to commit to the responsible use of space for humanity on Wednesday, marking 46 signatories to date.

“We applaud Cyprus’ commitment to the Artemis Accords, which will enhance the country’s engagement with NASA and the international community,” said Free, who participated virtually. “By joining 45 other country signatories in this effort, Cyprus will help play a role in implementing the accords and exploration that is open, responsible, transparent, and peaceful for the benefit of all.”

Nicodemos Damianou, Cyprus’ deputy minister of research, innovation, and digital policy, signed the Artemis Accords during a ceremony in Nicosia, Cyprus. James O’Brian, assistant secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs for the U.S. Department of State, also attended the event.

“Today marks a significant milestone for Cyprus as we officially sign the Artemis Accords,” said Damianou. “As we embark on this exciting journey, we reaffirm our commitment to a safe and responsible space exploration, as well as our strong belief in the importance of international cooperation in ensuring space is utilized to the benefit of all humanity. Cyprus, a European Union member state, is capitalizing on its geostrategic location between three continents, and aspires to play an integral role in the international space community.”

Are Hydrogen Engines Truly Zero Emissions?

Mika Takahashi, Technology Analyst at IDTechEx asks the question are hydrogen engines truly zero emissions? 

Internal combustion engines (ICE) but without the emissions. The idea is certainly appealing. Keeping the same internal combustion engines (ICE) that have powered cars, buses, and trucks for well over a century, but eliminating the damaging and climate-affecting emissions that escape from the tailpipe. Currently, electrification is the primary route to decarbonizing transportation, but battery electric solutions bring many challenges, meaning adoption is likely to be a slow process - IDTechEx estimates that 11% of all car sales in 2023 were fully electric.

 

Could engines running on hydrogen keep the best of both worlds, familiar and mature ICE technology with zero emissions? IDTechEx’s report, “Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines 2025-2045: Applications, Technologies, Market Status and Forecasts”, explores the emissions credentials of this potentially disruptive technology.

An overview of the chemical reactions involved in a petrol/diesel engine, hydrogen engine, and hydrogen fuel cell. The lack of carbon in combustion within hydrogen engines eliminates CO₂ emissions (apart from trace amounts from motor oil). Source: IDTechEx

 

A carbon-free fuel, so no carbon in the exhaust?

 

Combustion is a high-temperature chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant (in the case of engines, this is atmospheric oxygen). In a conventional ICE fuelled by petrol or diesel, the hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the air at high temperatures to produce heat, water vapour, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxides. No carbon is present in the chemical reaction when switching to a pure hydrogen fuel; therefore, no CO₂ is formed and emitted into the atmosphere. There is a slight caveat to this zero CO₂ however. IDTechEx research indicates that a small amount of motor oil will be burned in an ICE. Motor oil is essential to lubricate the intricate moving parts and prevent damage from metal-metal contact. Most engines will burn a small amount of oil due to leakages or blowback in the system, and as all motor oils currently in use are hydrocarbon-based, this does lead to a small amount of CO₂ being produced. However, when compared to the amount of CO₂ emitted by a conventional ICE, the amount is negligible. IDTechEx estimates that less than 1kg of CO₂ would be produced per 1,000 miles from burning motor oil in an H2ICE vehicle, compared with 272kg in a conventional ICE. Thus, an H2ICE would have around 99.7% less CO₂ emissions than a conventional ICE.

Collins Aerospace expands executive aircraft seating operations in Medley, Florida

Collins Aerospace expands executive aircraft seating operations in Medley, Florida

Doubled production floor space and new machinery improves capacity and customization opportunities

Collins Aerospace is expanding its executive aircraft seating facility in Medley, Florida. The $2 million investment doubles the facility's upholstery production floor space to 30,000 square feet and adds state-of-the-art machining equipment that improves production efficiencies, enhances capabilities and reduces material waste.

A leader in seating upholstery for executive, business and VIP aircraft, Collins' 150,000 square-foot Medley facility uses a mix of high-tech automated machining and specialized craftsmen to produce highly customized aircraft furnishing solutions to meet the needs of its global customer base. The additional floor space and advanced machinery not only enhance the site's production capacity but also expand its range of bespoke luxury upholstery solutions.

"This investment unlocks new dimensions to our executive seating site, augmenting our world-class capabilities and improving product quality, repeatability and lead times," said Scott Howard, director of business development for Executive Aircraft Seating for Collins Aerospace. "It's also a direct reflection of our dedication to innovation and commitment to continually improving our environmental impact by reducing material waste."

The new automated quilted panel machinery can execute complex designs, patterns and colouring for custom sewing, embroidery and perforation, while an automated material cutter uses advanced digital visioning for precision cutting to maximize material usage, expediting processes and efficiencies.

Examples of Collins' bespoke upholstery solutions are on display at Collins Aerospace booth #2041 at the annual NBAA-BACE show in Las Vegas, Nevada.

   

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Collins Aerospace signs 10 year MRO deal with Air Europa for its Boeing 787 jets

 

                                Collins Aerospace, an RTX business, has signed a 10-year contract with Air Europa to provide comprehensive maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) services for the airline's fleet of 787 aircraft. 

Through its FlightSense and DispatchSM combined asset and MRO programs, Collins will supply Air Europa with onsite support for a number of 787 systems, including electric power, environmental control, avionics, lighting and cargo. In addition, Collins will provide predictive health maintenance through its Ascentia software platform and expand its pool of 787 spares in Europe.

"We are very satisfied with the agreement reached with Collins as it reinforces the quality of maintenance already carried out on our 787 fleet," said Pedro Macías, Air Europa's Chief Technical Officer. "The Dreamliner is not only our flagship aircraft, but also the benchmark for operations between Europe and America. For us, it is key to rely on a supplier with the prestige and reliability of Collins in a market as demanding as ours."

ATS Technic and Proponent sign partnership deal to strengthen global MRO supply chain solutions

ATS Technic, the UAE's first independent EASA-certified provider of line maintenance and logistics services for various aircraft types, and Proponent, the largest independent aircraft parts distribution company, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to enhance efficiency in the sourcing and delivery of high-quality aircraft components. The partnership will combine ATS Technic's maintenance expertise with Proponent's global parts distribution network to drive greater value for customers worldwide.

Under the terms of the MOU, Proponent will serve as the primary supplier of parts, components, and consumables to support ATS Technic's base maintenance hangar at Al Maktoum International Airport (DWC), scheduled to open in 2025. The agreement will streamline logistics and inventory management to ensure the timely delivery of critical components, improving overall service efficiency.

"This partnership aligns with the mission of ATS Technic to offer world-class MRO services while optimizing the supply chain for our clients," said Mahdi Altahaineh, CEO of ATS Technic. "By designating Proponent as our primary parts supplier at DWC, we will ensure that our operations will be supported by a world-class logistics network, allowing us to reduce turnaround times and improve service efficiency for our clients."

Cessna Citation Ascend continues to progress through certification program, will deliver with latest update of Garmin G5000 avionics suite

Textron Aviation announced the Cessna Citation Ascend continues to progress through its certification program and will be equipped with the latest enhancements to the Garmin G5000 avionics suite. This flight deck will provide pilots with significant technological advances when it enters into service, expected to be in 2025.

The Ascend program includes two test articles – Prototype (Proto) and P1 – which have accumulated nearly 600 flight hours through more than 200 flights.

"Citation business jets are renowned for their superior performance and productivity,” said Lannie O'Bannion, senior vice president of Global Sales & Flight Operations. “Including the Garmin G5000 in the Citation Ascend demonstrates our continued commitment to designing and delivering the best aviation experience for our customers. We can’t wait to see this aircraft deliver to customers.”

The Ascend is designed to bring a new cockpit, improved performance and a luxurious cabin to the midsize business jet market. The aircraft's state-of-the-art avionics, autothrottles, high payload capacity and impressive range offer customers reduced pilot workload and the ability to do more and go farther.

When equipped with the latest Garmin G5000 avionics suite, the Ascend will feature an array of new advanced features and technology from Garmin, including Synthetic Vision Guidance System (SVGS) shown on the primary flight displays, that couples with Synthetic Vision Technology (SVT) to support approach minima as low as 150 ft (46 m). SVGS provides a continuous, geo-spatially correct depiction of the external scene topography, including obstacles, augmented by the display of the runway.

Expanded SVT Capabilities for Improved Taxiway Routing

airBaltic and Air Canada agree codeshare deal....

Air Canada and AirBaltic have signed a far-reaching codeshare deal, which if it gets final regulatory approval, will see Air Canada's marketing code AC be placed on 10 routes operated by airBaltic, enabling customers to travel conveniently to Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania on a single ticket. The routes include the capital cities of Vilnius, Lithuania, Riga, Latvia and Tallinn, Estonia from several European gateways, including Copenhagen, Amsterdam and Stockholm, this deal will start on 6th November 2024. 

Also starting on the same date, airBaltic's marketing code will be placed on two routes operated by Air Canada from Toronto to Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Next summer, airBaltic's marketing code will be added on Air Canada's seasonal services from Montreal to Copenhagen and Amsterdam, as well as Toronto to Stockholm.

"Air Canada is very pleased to expand its longstanding relationship with airBaltic to enable greater connectivity and customer convenience when travelling between Canada and Northern Europe. This new codeshare partnership serves the growing travel demand between Canada and the Baltic region and builds on Air Canada's global growth strategy by leveraging its extensive, non-stop network from Canada to Scandinavia and key European gateways including Amsterdam," said Mark Galardo, Executive Vice President, Revenue and Network Planning at Air Canada.

"We are pleased to announce our codeshare agreement with our long-term interline partner Air Canada, providing our customers with enhanced connectivity. This new codeshare partnership will now offer both airBaltic and Air Canada travellers expanded travel options between all three Baltic capitals and Canada, with a seamless one-stop connection through other European cities. We are looking forward to successful, long-term collaboration," stated Martin Gauss, President and CEO at airBaltic.

The airlines will also be exploring benefits for each other's loyalty programme members in the future.

 

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Hilton scores net income of $344 million for the third quarter

Hilton Worldwide Holdings has just reported its third quarter 2024 results, Christopher J. Nassetta, President & Chief Executive Officer of Hilton, said, "We were pleased to deliver continued strong bottom line results that exceeded our guidance, despite slower top-line growth which was driven by modestly slower macro trends, weather impacts and unfavourable calendar shifts. We continued to demonstrate the strength of our model, opening more rooms than any other quarter in our history, surpassing 8,000 hotels and achieving net unit growth of 7.8 percent."

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, system-wide comparable RevPAR increased 1.4 percent compared to the same period in 2023 due to increases in both occupancy and ADR, and management and franchise fee revenues increased 8.3 percent compared to the same period in 2023.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, system-wide comparable RevPAR increased 2.4 percent compared to the same period in 2023 due to increases in both occupancy and ADR, and management and franchise fee revenues increased 10.7 percent compared to the same period in 2023.

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, diluted EPS was $1.38 and diluted EPS, adjusted for special items, was $1.92 compared to $1.44 and $1.67, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Net income and Adjusted EBITDA were $344 million and $904 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $379 million and $834 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. 

Stormy weather – how turbulence occurs

Changing weather conditions across the globe can lead to increased likelihood of turbulence during a flight. Artemis Aerospace takes a reassuring look at how an aircraft copes with extreme conditions.

 

 

We’ve all been on a plane when the captain announces an area of possible turbulence ahead and asks everyone to buckle up for a bit. More often than not passengers don’t really notice, but occasionally flying through a rough patch can be a bit alarming and, very rarely, quite frightening.

 

Earlier this year a Singapore Airlines Flight from London to Singapore made global headlines when it encountered severe turbulence, forcing the plane to make an emergency landing in Bangkok. Unfortunately, it resulted in 71 passengers being injured, some seriously, and one sadly passing away due to a heart attack. The plane had dropped dramatically and any untethered articles such as cutlery and crockery, handbags and mobile phones were thrown in all directions. Many passengers who weren’t wearing seatbelts at the time hit the ceiling sustaining head injuries, and the entire interior of the plane was badly damaged.

 

So, what is turbulence? First used around the early 1500s, the word comes from the Late Latin ‘turbulentia’ which is translated as ‘trouble’ or ‘disquiet’. By around 1918 it had become known to mean the atmospheric eddies which can affect air travel; unstable or irregular air movement caused by changes in wind speed or direction such as cold or warm weather fronts, jet streams and thunderstorms. It triggers changes in altitude and air speed and ranges from relatively minor to significantly hazardous.

 

Last year, scientists from Reading University produced a study on clear-air turbulence, which is harder for pilots to avoid as it gives no visual clues to its presence such as cloud cover. They found that severe turbulence had increased by 55% between 1979 and 2020 on a typical North Atlantic route, with routes in Europe, the Middle East and the South Atlantic also seeing major increases. The study states that the changes in wind speed at high altitudes are due to warmer air from carbon emissions and climate change. It’s therefore likely that passengers will experience more turbulence in future.